====== McGill University Causality Reading Group ====== Welcome! The Causal Reading Group is comprised of epidemiologists, biostatisticians, statisticians, econometricians, medical doctors, and social scientists who have an interest in causality. The reading group is open to anyone with an interest in causality, causal modelling, causal inference, or applications of the methods. Meetings are held **Tuesdays 2:15-3:30 pm** at Purvis Hall, room 48 [[http://goo.gl/maps/Hi6GI|map]] and precede a Biostatistics Seminar (4:00-5:00 PM) at Purvis Hall.\\ To be included to the mailing list, please email Laurence Brunet at [[laurence.brunet@mail.mcgill.ca]] {{:miracle.jpg|}}\\ ===== Winter 2013 ===== **January 8**: Erica Moodie\\ Buyze J, Goetghebeur E. **Crossover studies with survival outcomes**. //Stat Methods Med Res// 2011. {{:buyze2011.pdf|pdf}} **January 15**: Laurence Brunet\\ Lunt M, Glynn RJ, Rothman KJ, Avorn J, Stürmer T. **Propensity score calibration in the absence of surrogacy**. //Am J Epidemiol// 2012 Jun 15;175(12):1294-302. {{:am._j._epidemiol.-2012-lunt-1294-302.pdf|pdf}} **January 22**: Ian Shrier\\ TBA **January 29**: David Stephens\\ TBA **February 5**: Robert Platt\\ TBA **February 12**: Ethan Gough\\ TBA **February 19**: Arijit Nandi\\ TBA **February 26**: Olli Saarela\\ Didelez V, Kreiner S, Keiding N. **Graphical Models for Inference Under Outcome-Dependent Sampling**. //Statistical Science// 2010; 25(3): 368–387.{{:euclid_ss_1294167965.pdf|pdf}} **March 12**\\ **March 19**: Jay Kaufman\\ TBA **March 26**: Erika Braithwaite\\ TBA **April 2**: Hailey Banack\\ Frisell T, Oberg S, Kuja-Halkola R, Sjolander A. **Sibling Comparison Designs Bias From Non-Shared Confounders and Measurement Error**. //Epidemiology// 2012; 23: 713–720. {{:frisell_hfb_in_sib_designs_epidemiology_2012.pdf|pdf}} ===== Fall 2012 ===== **September 10**: Corinne Riddell\\ Glymour MM, Tchetgen EJ, Robins JM. **Credible Mendelian randomization studies: approaches for evaluating the instrumental variable assumptions**. //Am J Epidemiol// 2012; 175(4): 332-9.{{:am._j._epidemiol.-2012-glymour-332-9.pdf|pdf}}\\ //Replies//:\\ **Re: "Credible Mendelian Randomization Studies: Approaches For Evaluating The Instrumental Variable Assumptions"** //Am J Epidemiol// 2012; 176(5): 456-457. {{:am._j._epidemiol.-2012-burgess-456-7.pdf|pdf}}\\ **Re: "Credible Mendelian Randomization Studies: Approaches For Evaluating The Instrumental Variable Assumptions"** //Am J Epidemiol// 2012; 176(5): 457-458. {{:am._j._epidemiol.-2012-palmer-457-8.pdf|pdf}}\\ **Authors Reply** //Am J Epidemiol// 2012; 176(5): 458-459. {{:am._j._epidemiol.-2012-glymour-458-9.pdf|pdf}} ** September 17**: Laurence Brunet\\ Howe CH, Cole SR, Mehta SH, Kirk GD. **Estimating the Effects of Multiple Time-varying Exposures Using Joint Marginal Structural Models: Alcohol Consumption, Injection Drug Use, and HIV Acquisition**. //Epidemiology// 2012; 23(4): 574-582. {{:howe_2012.pdf|pdf}} **September 24**: Ian Shrier\\ Greenland S, Pearl J. **Adjustments and their Consequences—Collapsibility Analysis using Graphical Models**. //International Statistical Review// 2011; 79: 401-426.{{:technical_report_r-369_2012_greenland.pdf|pdf}} **October 1**: Erin Strumpf\\ Earle CC, Tsai JS, Gelber RD, Weinstein MC, Neumann PJ, Weeks JC. **Effectiveness of Chemotherapy for Advanced Lung Cancer in the Elderly: Instrumental Variable and Propensity Analysis**. //Journal of Clinical Oncology// 2001:1064-1070. {{:earle2001.pdf|pdf}} **October 15**: Menglan Pang\\ Norton EC. **Log Odds and Ends**. //National Bureau of Economic Research// 2012 Working Paper No. 18252. {{:norton_log_odds_and_ends_nber_2012.pdf|pdf}} **October 22**: Olli Saarela\\ McCullagh P. **Sampling bias and logistic models**. //Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B// 2008; 70(4): 643-677.{{:mccullagh_2008.pdf|pdf}} **October 29**: Jeremy Labrecque\\ Linden A, Adams JL. **Combining the regression discontinuity design and propensity score-based weighting to improve causal inference in program evaluation**. //Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice// 2012; 18(2): 317-25. {{:linden_2012_combining_the_regression_discontinuity_design_and_propensity_score-based_weighting_to_improve_causal_inference_in_program_evaluation.pdf|pdf}} **November 5**\\ //Special seminar hosted by the Biostatistics Seminars//\\ José R. Zubizarreta\\ **Designing an observational study to be less sensitive to unmeasured biases: effect of the 2010 Chilean earthquake on posttraumatic stress**.\\ __Lady Meredith House, 1110 Pine Avenue West, room 100__ [[http://goo.gl/maps/tOsnA|map]]\\ **November 12**: Hailey Banack\\ Geng EH, Glidden DV, Bangsberg DR, Bwana MB, Musinguzi N, Nash D, Metcalfe JZ, Yiannoutsos CT, Martin JN, Petersen ML. **A Causal Framework for Understanding the Effect of Losses to Follow-up on Epidemiologic Analyses in Clinic-based Cohorts: The Case of HIV-infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Africa**. //American Journal of Epidemiology// 2012; 175(10): 1080-1087. {{:geng_causal_paper.pdf|pdf}} **November 19**: Erica Moodie\\ Zhang B, Tsiatis AA, Davidian M, Zhang M, Laber E. **Estimating Optimal Treatment Regimes from a Classification Perspective**. //Stat// 2012. {{:finaldraft.pdf|pdf}} **November 26**: Russell Steele\\ Williamson EJ, Forbes A, Wolfe R. **Doubly robust estimators of causal exposure effects with missing data in the outcome, exposure or a confounder**. //Statistics in Medicine// 2012. {{:sim5643.pdf|pdf}} **December 3**: Ashley Naimi\\ 1) Freedman DA, Berk RA. **On weighting regressions by propensity scores**. //Evaluation Review// 2008; 32: 392–409.{{:weighting_regressions_by_propensity_scores.pdf|pdf}}\\ 2) Robins J, Sued M, Lei-Gomez Q, Rotnitzky A. **Comment: Performance of Double-Robust Estimators When “Inverse Probability” Weights Are Highly Variable**. //Statistical Science// 2007, 22(4): 544–559. {{:robins2007.pdf|pdf}} **December 10**\\ //Special seminar//: Andrew Critch, University of California-Berkeley\\ **Causality and algebraic geometry**\\ Abstract: The theory of graphical causal models is a major entry point to the budding field of algebraic statistics, where algebraic geometry meets statistical modelling, and this talk will give an introduction to it from the perspective of an algebraic geometer. I'll introduce some conceptual tools and methods that are peculiar to algebraic statistics, and work through an example such causal inference computation using the commutative algebra software Macaulay2. At the end I'll review some of my research on hidden Markov models, and their close connection to matrix product state models of quantum-entangled qubits. ===== Winter 2012 ===== **January 10**: Olli Saarela\\ Dawid AP, Didelez V. **Identifying the consequences of dynamic treatment strategies: A decision-theoretic overview**.\\ // Statistics Surveys // 2010; 4: 184-231. [[http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.ssu/1289579930|link]] **January 17**: William Astle\\ McKeigue PM et al. **Bayesian methods for instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments ('Mendelian randomization'): example with urate transporter SLC2A9 as an instrumental variable for effect of urate levels on metabolic syndrome**.\\ // International Journal of Epidemiology // 2010; 39: 907–918. {{int._j._epidemiol.-2010-mckeigue-907-18.pdf|pdf}} **January 24**: Mireille Schnitzer\\ Gruber S, van der Laan M. **Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation: A Gentle Introduction**. // Working paper // [[http://www.bepress.com/ucbbiostat/paper252/|link]] **January 31**: Mireille Schnitzer\\ Munoz ID, van der Laan M. **Population Intervention Causal Effects Based on Stochastic Interventions**. // Biometrics // 2011. {{Munoz2011-Biometrics.pdf|pdf}} **February 7**: Robert Platt & Ian Shrier\\ Pearl J. **On a Class of Bias-Amplifying Covariates that Endanger Effect Estimates**. // Technical report // 2009. {{:technical_report_r-356_2009_pearl.pdf|pdf}}\\ Myers JA et al. **Effects of Adjusting for Instrumental Variables on Bias and Precision of Effect Estimates**. // American Journal of Epidemiology // 2011. {{am_j_epidemiol_2011_myers-1.pdf|pdf}}\\ Pearl J. **Invited Commentary: Understanding Bias Amplification**. // American Journal of Epidemiology // 2011. {{am_j_epidemiol_2011_pearl.pdf|pdf}}\\ Myers JA et al. **Myers et al. Respond to "Understanding Bias Amplification"**. // American Journal of Epidemiology // 2011. {{am_j_epidemiol_2011_myers.pdf|pdf}}\\ **February 14**: Erica Moodie\\ Bekaert M, Vansteelandt S, Mertens K. **Adjusting for time-varying confounding in the subdistribution analysis of a competing risk**.\\ // Lifetime Data Analysis // 2010; 16: 45-70. {{BekaertLDA2010.pdf|pdf}} **February 28**: Ben Rich\\ Petersen ML et al. **Diagnosing and responding to violations in the positivity assumption**.\\ // Statistical Methods in Medical Research // 2012; 21: 31-54. {{stat_methods_med_res-2012-petersen-31-54.pdf|pdf}} **March 6**: David Stephens\\ Ertefaie A, Asgharian M, Stephens DA. **Estimation of Average Treatment Effects using Penalization**. // Working paper // 2012. {{varsel-ds-report.pdf|pdf}} **March 13**: Martine El Bejjani \\ Kramer MS et al. **Breastfeeding and Infant Size: Evidence of Reverse Causality**. // American Journal of Epidemiology // 2011; 173: 978-983. {{am._j._epidemiol.-2011-kramer-978-83.pdf|pdf}}\\ **March 20**: Jay Kaufman & Robert Platt \\ Weuve J, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Glymour MM, Beck TL, Aggarwal NT, Wilson RS, Evans DA, Mendes de Leon CF. **Accounting for bias due to selective attrition: the example of smoking and cognitive decline**. // Epidemiology // 2012; 23: 119-28. {{weuve_accounting_for_bias_due_to_selective_attrition_epidemiology_2012.pdf|pdf}} \\ Chaix B, Evans D, Merlo J, Suzuki E. **Commentary: Weighing up the dead and missing: reflections on inverse-probability weighting and principal stratification to address truncation by death**. // Epidemiology // 2012; 23: 129-31. \\ Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Glymour MM, Shpitser I, Weuve J. **To Weight or Not to Weight? On the Relation Between Inverse-probability Weighting and Principal Stratification for Truncation by Death**. \\ // Epidemiology // 2012; 23: 132-137. \\ **March 27**: Arijit Nandi \\ Abadie A, Diamond A, Hainmueller J. **Synthetic Control Methods for Comparative Case Studies: Estimating the Effect of California's Tobacco Control Program**. // Journal of the American Statistical Association // 2010; 105: 493-505. {{abadie_2010-synthetic_controls_for_comparative_case_series.pdf|pdf}} **April 3**: Raluca Ionescu-Ittu\\ ===== Fall 2011 ===== **September 6**: Russell Steele\\ Taylor L, Zhou X-H. **Methods for Clustered Encouragement Design Studies with Noncompliance and Missing Data**. // Biostatistics // 2011; 12: 313-326.{{Biostat-2011-Taylor-313-26.pdf|pdf}} **September 13**: no meeting\\ **September 20**: Raluca Ionescu-Ittu\\ Burgess S, Thompson SG. **Avoiding Bias from Weak Instruments in Mendelian Randomization Studies**. // International Journal of Epidemiology // 2011.{{int._j._epidemiol.-2011-burgess-ije_dyr036.pdf|pdf}} **September 27**: Olli Saarela\\ Chib S, Greenberg E. **Bayesian Matching for Causal Inference**. // Unpublished Manuscript // {{:chib_updated_100407.pdf|pdf}} **October 4**: Erin Strumpf\\ Basu A, Heckman JJ, Navarro-Lozano S, Urzua S. **Use of Instrumental Variables in the Presence of Heterogeneity and Self-Selection:\\ an Application to Treatments of Breast Cancer Patients**. // Health Economics // 2007; 16: 1133-1157.{{:Basu_et_al_HE_2007.pdf|pdf}} **October 11**: Ashley Naimi\\ Naimi A, Cole SR, Westreich DJ, Richardson DB. **A Comparison of Methods to Estimate the Hazard Ratio Under Conditions of Time-varying Confounding and Nonpositivity**. // Epidemiology // 2011; 22: 718-723.{{Naimi_et_al_2011_Epidemiology.pdf|pdf}} **October 18**: David Stephens\\ Vansteelandt S, Bekaert M, Claeskens G. **On Model Selection and Model Misspecification in Causal Inference**. // Statistical Methods in Medical Research // 2010.{{:Vansteelandt2010-SMMR.pdf|pdf}} **October 25**: Genevieve Lefebvre\\ Wang C, Parmigiani G, Dominici F. **Bayesian Effect Estimation Accounting for Adjustment Uncertainty**. // Biometrics // 2011. {{:Wangetal2011.pdf|pdf}} ({{:wangetal2011_supp_materials.pdf|supplementary materials}}) **November 1**: Menglan Pang\\ Greenland S, Robins JM, Pearl J. **Confounding and Collapsibility in Causal Inference**. // Statistical Science // 1999; 14: 29-46.{{:Greenland_Robins_Pearl_Stat_Sci_1999.pdf|pdf}} **November 8**: Jonathan Chevrier\\ Chevrier J, Picciotto S, Eisen EA. **Comparison of standard methods with g-estimation of accelerated failure-time models to address the healthy worker survivor effect in a cohort of autoworkers exposed to metalworking fluids**. // Unpublished Manuscript // {{:Chevrier_et_al_2011.pdf|pdf}} **November 15**: Robert Platt\\ Sjolander A, Nyren O, Bellocco R, Evans M. **Comparing Different Strategies for Timing of Dialysis Initiation Through Inverse Probability Weighting**. // American Journal of Epidemiology // 2011; 174: 1204-1210. {{Sjolander_et_al_2011.pdf|pdf}} **November 22**: Nassim Mojaverian **November 29**: Ian Shrier\\ Pearl J, Bareinboim E. **Transportability Across Studies: A Formal Approach**. // Technical report // 2011. {{:pearl_bareinboim_2011.pdf|pdf}} ({{:r372-jsm.pdf|shorter version}} to appear in JSM 2011 proceedings) ===== Winter 2011 ===== **January 18**: Russell Steele\\ Greenland, S. **Relaxation Penalties and Priors for Plausible Modeling of Nonidentified Bias Sources**. // Statistical Science // 2009; 24(2): 195-210. {{:euclid.ss.1263478381_2_.pdf|pdf}} **January 25**: Robert Platt\\ Egleston BL, et al. **A tutorial on principal stratification-based sensitivity analysis: application to smoking cessation studies.** // Clin Trials // 2010;7(3): 286-98.{{:egleston_princ_strat_tutorial_clin_trials_2010.pdf|pdf}} **February 1**: Jay Kaufman\\ VanderWeele TJ. **Interaction Tests Under Exposure Misclassification**. // Unpublished Manuscript (currently under review)// {{:interactionmisclass.pdf|pdf}} **February 8**: Sam Harper\\ Cole SR, Stuart EA. **Generalizing evidence from randomized clinical trials to target populations: The ACTG 320 trial.** //Am J Epidemiol // 2010;172(1): 107-15. {{:cole_generalizing_evidence_from_rcts_to_target_populations_aje_2010.pdf|pdf}} **March 1**: Ben Rich\\ Nedelman JR, Rubin DB, Sheiner LB. **Diagnostics for confounding in PK/PD models for oxcarbazepine.** //Stats in Med// 2007; 26(2): 920-308. {{:nedelman_rubin_sheiner_-_2007_-_diagnostics_for_confounding_in_pkpd_models_for_oxcarbazepine.pdf|pdf}} **March 8**: Genevieve Lefebvre \\ CRAINICEANU CM, DOMINICI F, PARMIGIANI G. **Adjustment uncertainty in effect estimation.** //Biometrika// 2008; 95(3): 635–651 doi: 10.1093/biomet/asn015 {{:crainiceanu2008.pdf|pdf}} **March 15**: Carmen Messerlian\\ Mumford SL, Schisterman EF, Siega-Riz AM, Gaskins AJ, Wactawski-Wende J, VanderWeele TJ. \\ **Effect of dietary fiber intake on lipoprotein cholesterol levels independent of estradiol in healthy premenopausal women**\\ //Am J Epidemiol.// 2011 Jan 15;173(2):145-56.{{:mumford_et_al_aje_2010.pdf|pdf}}\\ **March 22**: Michal Abrahamowicz\\ Flanders WD, Klein M. **Properties of 2 counterfactual effect definitions of a point exposure.** //Epidemiology// 2007 Jul;18(4):453-60. {{:flanders_klein_epidemiology_2007.pdf|pdf}} \\ **March 29**: David Stephens \\ Hui J, Rubin DB. **Principal Stratification for Causal Inference With Extended Partial Compliance. ** //Journal of the American Statistical Association// March 2008, Vol. 103, No. 481{{:hui_rubin_jasa_2008.pdf|pdf}}\\ **April 5**: Raluca Inoescu-Ittu\\ Til Sturmer, Kenneth J. Rothman, Jerry Avorn and Robert J. Glynn. **Treatment Effects in the Presence of Unmeasured Confounding: \\ Dealing With Observations in the Tails of the Propensity Score Distribution - A Simulation Study.** //Am. J. Epidemiol.// (2010) 172 (7): 843-854. {{:sturmer.pdf|pdf}} \\ \\ ---- ---- ---- ---- ===== Fall 2010 ===== **September 14**: Jay Kaufman\\ VanderWeele TJ, Vansteelandt S. **Conceptual issues concerning mediation, interventions and composition**. //Statistics and Its Interface// 2009; 2: 457–468.\\ [[http://www.intlpress.com/SII/p/2009/2-4/SII-2-4-A7-VanderWeele.pdf|Link]] {{:vanderweele_effect_decomposition_stats_interface_2009.pdf|pdf}} **September 21**: Igor Karp\\ Toh S, Hernández-Díaz S, Logan R, Robins JM, Hernán MA. **Estimating absolute risks in the presence of nonadherence:** \\ **an application to a follow-up study with baseline randomization.** //Epidemiology// 2010 Jul;21(4):528-39.\\ [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20526200|Link]] {{:toh_epidemiology_2010.pdf|pdf}} **September 28**: Russ Steele\\ Hoffmann K, Pischon T, Schulz M, Schulze MB, Ray J, Boeing H. **A statistical test for the equality of differently adjusted incidence rate ratios.** \\ //Am J Epidemiol// 2008 Mar 1;167(5):517-22.\\ [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18230678?dopt=Abstract|Link]] {{:am._j._epidemiol.-2008-hoffmann-517-22.pdf|pdf}}\\ Greenland S. **Invited commentary: variable selection versus shrinkage in the control of multiple confounders.** //Am J Epidemiol// 2008;167(5):523-9\\ [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18227100|Link]] {{:am._j._epidemiol.-2008-greenland-523-9.pdf|pdf}} {{:am._j._epidemiol.-2008-greenland-erratum.pdf|erratum}}\\ Pischon T, Schulze MB, Drogan D, Boeing H. **The Authors Respond to "Variable Selection versus Shrinkage in Control of Confounders"**\\ //Am J Epidemiol// 2008;167(5):530-1\\ [[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/167/5/530.full|Link]] {{:am._j._epidemiol.-2008-pischon-530-1.pdf|pdf}}\\ **October 5**: **CANCELLED DUE TO SICKNESS (Re-scheduled October 26)**\\ **October 12**: David Stephens\\ McCandless LC, Gustafson P, Austin PC. **Bayesian propensity score analysis for observational data.** //Statistics in Medicine// 2009; 28:94--112.\\ [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19012268|Link]]{{:mccandless_bayesian_propensity_score_stat_med_2009.pdf|pdf}}{{:mccandlesscomments.pdf|Comments of DAS}} **October 19**: Ben Rich\\ Arjas E, Saarela O. **Optimal Dynamic Regimes: Presenting a Case for Predictive Inference** //The International Journal of Biostatistics// 2010; 6(2): Article 10\\ [[http://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1204&context=ijb|Link]]{{:arjas_dynamic_regimes_ijb_2010.pdf|pdf}} **October 26**: Mireille Schnitzer and Robert W Platt\\ Young JG, Hernán MA, Picciotto S, Robins JM. **Relation between three classes of structural models for the effect of a time-varying exposure on survival.**\\ //Lifetime Data Anal// 2010 16(1):71-84.\\ [[http://www.springerlink.com/content/g31gl43370611421/fulltext.pdf|Link]]{{:lifetime_data_anal_2009_young.pdf|pdf}}\\ Young JG, Hernán MA, Picciotto S, Robins JM. **Simulation from Structural Survival Models under Complex Time-Varying Data Structures**.\\ //Proceedings of the Joint Statistical Meetings// 2010.\\ {{:young.2008.jsm.pdf|pdf}}\\ **November 2**: Erica Moodie\\ Vansteelandt S. **Estimation of controlled direct effects on a dichotomous outcome using logistic structural direct effect models.** //Biometrika// 2010, xx, x, pp. 1–14\\ {{:logistic-direct-effect-4.pdf|pdf}} **November 9**: Michael Regier \\ Dawid AP. **Beware the DAG.** //J. of Machine Learning Research: Workshop and Conference Proceedings// 2008; 6:59–86 \\ [[http://jmlr.csail.mit.edu/proceedings/papers/v6/dawid10a/dawid10a.pdf|Link]] {{:dawid_beware_of_the_dag_2010.pdf|pdf}} \\ **November 16**: Michael Regier \\ VanderWeele TJ, Hernán MA, Robins JM. **Causal Directed Acyclic Graphs and the Direction of Unmeasured Confounding Bias.**\\ //Epidemiology// 2008; 19(5):720-728\\ [[http://www.biostat.harvard.edu/~robins/publications/Causal%20Directed%20Acyclic%20Graphs%20and%20the%20Direction.pdf|Link]]{{:vanderweele_dags_for_direction_of_bias_epidemiology_2008.pdf|pdf}}\\ \\ Additional paper if time permits: Fleischer NL, Diez Roux AV. **Using directed acyclic graphs to guide analyses of neighbourhood health effects: an introduction.**\\ //J Epidemiol Community Health// 2008;62:842–846 \\ [[http://jech.bmj.com/content/62/9/842.abstract|Link]] {{:fleischer_dags_for_neighborhoods_jech_2008.pdf|pdf}}\\ **November 23**: Yongling Xiao\\ Hernan MA, Cole SR, Margolick J, Cohen M, Robins JM. **Structural accelerated failure time models for survival analysis in studies with time-varying treatments.**\\ //Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety// 2005; 14(7): 477–491\\ [[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pds.1064/abstract|Link ]]{{:hernan_structural_aft.pdf|pdf}}\\ **November 30**: Erin Strumpf\\ Carpenter C, Dobkin C. **The Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Mortality: Regression Discontinuity Evidence from the Minimum Drinking Age.**\\ //American Economic Journal: Applied Economics// 2009; 1(1): 164–182\\ {{:carpenter_and_dobkin_rd.pdf|pdf}}\\ **December 7**: Raluca Ionescu-Ittu\\ Hernán MA, Robins JM. **Instruments for causal inference: an epidemiologist's dream?** \\ //Epidemiology// 2006 Jul;17(4):360-72.\\ {{:hernan_robins_instruments_epidemiology_2006.pdf|pdf}} ---- ---- ---- ---- ===== Archive ===== [[2009-2010]] [[http://example.com|External Link]]